In any microcontroller there is at least one general purpose input-output port. STM32 is a not different breed and as expected it also has several GPIO ports. These ports are usually named GPIOA, GPIOB, etc. but unlike most 8/16-bit micros these ports are 16 bit wide. Thus, in general, every port has 16 IO pins. Port pins have several modes of operation and this is what that makes them both robust and complex at first. In development boards the IO port pin naming is cut short and so we’ll find PA0, PB12, etc. instead of GPIOA0, GPIOB12, etc. Even in the reference manuals this short naming is used widely. In the end every I/O pin is general purpose in nature.

Key points with STM32’s GPIO

Upon any reset event all GPIOs are floating inputs. This prevents any accidental damage to GPIOs in the event of emergency.
All GPIO registers are needed to be accessed with 32 bit words. This is mandatory.
Reserved bits for any GPIO register are kept at reset values i.e. 0.
For every GPIO port there are seven registers but the only the first four are the most important ones. The rest can be ignored most of the times.
These important GPIO registers per port are CRL, CRH, IDR and ODR. The rest three registers for GPIO ports can be avoided at the beginning.
For bit set and for bit clear, operations REGx |= (1 << bit) and REGx &= ~ (1 << bit) respectively are very handy and efficient. However MikroC compiler provides bit level access though its internal header file coding like this GPIOB_BSRRbits.BS15. We can use this method or the other one.
Some IOs are 5V tolerant and are label “FT” in datasheets and other docs. The rest of the I/O pins are not that tolerant and so 3.3V operation should always be ensured. STM32 has a maximum VDD tolerance of 4V but this value shouldn’t be used in any situation for safe operation. Best is to avoid 5V use with GPIOs whenever possible. This will help in avoiding accidental damage to the micro due to common mistakes.
Unused GPIO pins should be kept at reset state or tied to ground with 10kΩ resistors so that they remain either as floating inputs or safely connected to ground though it’s not a must.
I/O pins can source or sink currents up to 25mA. Thus direct LED drive is possible with them. To drive loads that need more than this value, we must use external BJTs, MOSFETs, optocouplers, transistor arrays or other driver devices.
I/O pins should not directly drive inductive or capacitive loads.
Care should be taken to avoid driving outputs beyond 50MHz. This is the maximum I/O pin frequency rating.
CRL/H registers essential set GPIO pin operating mode independently as according to the table below:

CRL sets GPIOs from 0 – 7 while CRH sets from 8 – 15. All IO ports are 16 bit wide unlike common 8 bit micros like PIC or AVR.

Stm32 Array Declaration Code

How would I declare a struct containing an array, or just an array or a struct for that matter, in Flash memory. I have read the variable placing example. But that only seems to work for simple variables. The following code just declares it in RAM. The second declaration, extern IO uint8t.data; doesn't declare an array at all, but rather a pointer. While arrays and pointers are largely interchangeable in the arguments of functions (array arguments are implicitly turned into pointers to their first elements), this does not hold elsewhere, such as. System workbench stm32 tool not downloading by Konstantin Konstantinov, 2021-03-25 21:23 Not able flash stm32f407g-disc1 board by ManojBS, 2021-03-23 07:56 Breakpoints in SRAM and external Flash by jdebliek, 2021-03-22 22:09.

CRL Register:

CRH Register:

Previously we have tried to do a single conversion of one ADC channel. We were waiting for the ADC result in a loop, which isn’t an effective way of using processor resources. It is better to trigger a conversion and wait for the conversion to complete the interrupt. This way, a processor can do other tasks rather than wait for ADC conversion to complete. This time we will go through another example to set up more than one channel and read ADC values using interrupt service routine.

How does multichannel ADC conversion works?

If we need to convert several channels continuously, we need to set up Sequence registers (ADC_SQRx). There are three sequence registers: ADC_SQR1, ADC_SQR2, and ADC_SQR3 where we can set up a maximum of 16 channels in any order. Conversion sequence starts with SQ1[4:0] settings in ADC_SQR3 register. Bits [4:0] hold the number of ADC channels.

All 16 sequence channels can be set up the same way through all SQR registers. Then in the ADC_SQR1 register, there are four bits marked L[3:0] where you can set the number how many times sequence reading will be repeated.

Another thing we will have to take care of is to set up sample time for each channel. As we know, each channel in sequence can be set for different conversion times. The sampling time for each channel can be set up in two registers: ADC_SMPR1 and ADC_AMPR2. There are three bits for each channel in sequence.

If you use a standard peripheral library setting up multichannel ADC becomes an easy task.

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Setting up multichannel ADC conversion with DMA write

Let’s write an example where we will read the first 8 ADC channels four times using scan mode. Then we calculate an average value of each channel and later print results on a terminal screen using UART.

We will write ADC values to memory by using a DMA channel. Once all data is stored in memory, a DMA transfer complete interrupt will be generated to trigger averaging and output. In the STM32F100x datasheet, we find that ADC pins are assigned alternate functions as follows:

ADC1_IN0 – PA0
ADC1_IN1 – PA1
ADC1_IN2 – PA2
ADC1_IN3 – PA3
ADC1_IN4 – PA4
ADC1_IN5 – PA5
ADC1_IN6 – PA6
ADC1_IN7 – PA7
ADC1_IN8 – PB0
ADC1_IN9 – PB1
ADC1_IN10 – PC0
ADC1_IN11 – PC1
ADC1_IN12 – PC2
ADC1_IN13 – PC3
ADC1_IN14 – PC4
ADC1_IN15 – PC5

Stm32 Array Declaration Codes

We will need to set up pins A0 to A7 as analog inputs for the first eight channels. Then we can set up an ADC conversion mode. Also, we need to set up Scan Conversion Mode to go through all channels selected in ADC1_SQRx registers. In the peripheral library, this looks like:

Then we must enable to enable continuous conversion mode as we want to cycle through channel list several times:

Stm32 Initialize Array

Dai vernon book of magic pdf free. Then we indicate the number of channels to be converted in scan mode:

The next thing is to indicate which channels and what order we need to convert. For this, we set up each channel individually with commands: